A. E.  Verrill, ?Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America?, 1882.

A. A.  Gould, ?Report on the Invertebrates of Massachusetts?, pp. 1-35, 1870.

J. E.  Gray, Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, 2, vol. 4. London: British Museum, E. Newman, 1850, p. 45.

J.  Meisenheimer, ?Pteropoda?, Tiefsee Exp. 1898-1899, vol. 4, p. 314, 1905.

P.  Pelseneer, ?Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1872-76, Under the command of captain sir george s. nares and captain frank tourle thomson?, 1888.

P.  Pelseneer, ?Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1872-76, Under the command of captain sir george s. nares and captain frank tourle thomson?, 1888.

A. W.  Be and Gilmer, R. W., A zoogeographic and taxonomic review of euthecosomatous pteropoda, vol. 1. Academic Press, 1977, pp. 733-808.

S.  Van Der Spoel, Pseudothecosomata, gymnosomata and heteropoda (gastropoda). Amsterdam: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkeme Utrecht, 1976, p. 484.

S.  Van Der Spoel, Euthecosomata, a group with remarkable developmental stages (Gastropoda, Pteropoda). J. Noorduyn & ZN, Gorinchem, 1967, p. 375.