A. E.  Verrill, ?Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America?, 1882.

F. H.  Troschel, ?Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Pteropoden?, Arch. Naturgeschichte, vol. 20, p. 241, 1854.

J. E.  Gray, Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, 2, vol. 4. London: British Museum, E. Newman, 1850, p. 45.

J.  Meisenheimer, ?Pteropoda?, Tiefsee Exp. 1898-1899, vol. 4, p. 314, 1905.

J. E. V.  Boas, Contributions to Pteropodernes, 1st ed., vol. 4. Spolia Atlantica-Vidensk, 1886, pp. 1-231.

S.  Van Der Spoel, Pseudothecosomata, gymnosomata and heteropoda (gastropoda). Amsterdam: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkeme Utrecht, 1976, p. 484.