@article {546,
	title = {Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America},
	year = {1882},
	month = {1879},
	publisher = {Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish.},
	author = {A.E. Verrill}
}
@article {536,
	title = {Descriptions of sixty new forms of mollusks from the west coast of North America and the north Pacific Ocean, with notes on others already described},
	journal = {American J. Conch},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1871},
	pages = {160},
	chapter = {93},
	author = {W.H. Dall}
}
@article {574,
	title = {Report on the Invertebrates of Massachusetts},
	number = {1},
	year = {1870},
	pages = {1-35},
	publisher = {Wight \& Potter State Printers},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {A.A. Gould}
}
@article {545,
	title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntniss der Pteropoden},
	journal = {Arch. Naturgeschichte},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1854},
	pages = {241},
	chapter = {196},
	author = {F.H. Troschel}
}
@article {555,
	title = {Ordre des Pt{\'e}ropodes},
	journal = {Journal de Conchyliologie},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1851},
	month = {25 May, 1851},
	pages = {38},
	chapter = {28},
	author = {F.L.A. Souleyet}
}
@article {569,
	title = {Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit C. P. Kierulf, Md. Dr., nunc publica auctione X Decembris MDCCCL Hafniae Dividenda},
	journal = {Hafniae},
	year = {1850},
	pages = {33},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {O.A.L. M{\"o}rch}
}
@article {570,
	title = {Bemaerkninger til Slaegten Limacina Lmk Naturhist},
	journal = {Tidsskrift Kj{\o}benhavn},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1841},
	pages = {490},
	chapter = {481},
	author = {H.P.C. M{\"o}ller}
}
@article {538,
	title = {Description sommaire de plusieurs pt{\'e}ropodes nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus, destin{\'e}s {\`a} {\`a}tre publi{\'e}s dans Le voyage de la Bonite},
	journal = {Revue Zool. Soc. Cuvier. Paris},
	year = {1840},
	pages = {239},
	chapter = {235},
	author = {F. Eydoux and F.L.A. Souleyet}
}
@article {573,
	title = {M{\'e}moire sur quelques especes d{\textquoteright}animaux mollusques et radiaires recueillis dans la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, pres de Nice},
	journal = {Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom.},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1813},
	pages = {285},
	chapter = {281},
	author = {J.A. Lesueur}
}
@article {572,
	title = {Pteropoda},
	journal = {Tiefsee Exp. 1898-1899},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1905},
	pages = {314},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {J. Meisenheimer}
}
@article {541,
	title = {Vorl{\"a}ufige Mitteilung {\"u}ber die Thecosomata und Gymnosomata der Siboga-Expedition},
	journal = {Tijdsch. Nederl. Dierk.},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1903},
	pages = {117},
	chapter = {111},
	author = {J.J. Tesch}
}
@article {568,
	title = {Pteropoder i Upsala Universitets Zoologiska Museum samlade af Kapten G. von Sch{\'e}ele},
	journal = {K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1888},
	pages = {33},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {H. Munthe}
}
@article {563,
	title = {Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1872-76, Under the command of captain sir george s. nares and captain frank tourle thomson},
	year = {1888},
	publisher = {H.M. Stationary Office},
	author = {P. Pelseneer}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1872-76, Under the command of captain sir george s. nares and captain frank tourle thomson},
	year = {1888},
	publisher = {H.M. Stationary Office},
	author = {P. Pelseneer}
}
@article {547,
	title = {Styliola sinecosta, a new species of pteropod (Opisthobranchia:Thecosomata) from Barbados, West Indies},
	journal = {Veliger},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1974},
	month = {Jan 23, 1974},
	pages = {296},
	chapter = {293},
	author = {F.E. Wells}
}
@article {550,
	title = {Geographic variation in Cavolinia tridentata (Mollusca, Pteropoda)},
	journal = {Bijdr. Dierk},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1974},
	pages = {112},
	chapter = {100},
	author = {S. Van Der Spoel}
}
@article {551,
	title = {Variation in Cavolinia longirostris (de Blainville, 1821) from the Pacific Ocean with description of a new form (Mollusca, Pteropoda)},
	journal = {Bull. Zool. Mus.},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {102},
	chapter = {99},
	author = {S. Van Der Spoel}
}
@article {552,
	title = {New forms of Diacria quadridentata (de Blainville, 1821), Cavolinia longirostris (de Blainville, 1821) and Cavolinia uncinata (Rang, 1829) from the Red Sea and the East Pacific Ocean (Mollusca, Pteropoda)},
	journal = {Beaufortia},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {20},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {S. Van Der Spoel}
}
@article {553,
	title = {A new forma of Diacria quadridentata (Blainville, 1821) and shell growth in this species (Gastropoda, Pteropoda)},
	journal = {Vidensk. Medd. Dansk. Natur. Foren},
	volume = {131},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {224},
	chapter = {217},
	author = {S. Van Der Spoel}
}
@article {557,
	title = {Distribucion de pteropods en Veracruz},
	journal = {Autonoma MEx. Inst. Biol.},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {251},
	chapter = {249},
	author = {D.G. Rodriguez}
}
@article {558,
	title = {Mollusks from the deeper waters of the northwestern Campeche Bank, Mexico},
	journal = {Publications of the Institute of Marine Science},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {172},
	chapter = {108},
	author = {W.H. Rice and L.S. Kornicker}
}
@article {543,
	title = {The thecosomatous pteropods, 2},
	number = {30},
	year = {1948},
	pages = {1-45},
	address = {The Indo-Pacific},
	author = {J.J. Tesch}
}
@article {544,
	title = {The thecosomatous pteropods: I. The Atlantic "Dana" Rep n 28},
	number = {28},
	year = {1946},
	pages = {45 p.},
	publisher = {Carlsberg Foundation},
	address = {Copenhagen},
	author = {J.J. Tesch}
}
@article {559,
	title = {Les Gymnosomes I. Carlsberg Foundation{\textquoteright}s Oceanographical Expedition Round the World 1928-30 and Previous "Dana"-Expeditions},
	number = {20},
	year = {1942},
	pages = {11-47},
	publisher = {The Carlsberg Foundation},
	author = {A. Pruvot-Fol}
}
@article {560,
	title = {Mollusques pt{\'e}ropodes gymnosomes provenant des campagnes du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco},
	journal = {Camp. Sci.},
	volume = {70},
	year = {1926},
	pages = {60},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {A. Pruvot-Fol}
}
@article {537,
	title = {The pteropod Desmopterus pacificus sp. nov. Linnaeus, 1767},
	journal = {University of California Pub. Zoology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1919},
	pages = {88},
	chapter = {85},
	author = {C. Essenberg}
}
@article {532,
	title = {Pteropoda from the Michael Sars North-Atlantic Deep-Sea expedition},
	journal = {{\textquoteright}Michael Sars{\textquoteright} North Atl},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1913},
	month = {1933},
	pages = {69},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {K. Bonnevie}
}
@article {542,
	title = {Das Nervensystem der Heteropoden},
	journal = {Z. wiss. Zool.},
	volume = {105},
	year = {1913},
	pages = {279},
	chapter = {243},
	author = {J.J. Tesch}
}
@article {576,
	title = {The Pteropoda of the Leyden museum},
	journal = {Notes Leiden Museum},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1908},
	pages = {203},
	chapter = {181},
	author = {J.J. Tesch}
}
@article {571,
	title = {Die Pteropoden der deutschen S{\"u}dpolar-Expedition 1901-1903},
	journal = {S{\"u}dpol.-Exp. 1901-1903},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1906},
	pages = {153},
	chapter = {92},
	author = {J. Meisenheimer}
}
@article {566,
	title = {Mollusques, echinodermes, foraminif{\"a}res et polypiers, recueillis aux Iles Canaries par MM. Webb et Berthelot},
	journal = {Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries},
	volume = {2},
	year = {Submitted},
	pages = {117},
	chapter = {1},
	author = {A. d{\textquoteright}Orbigny}
}
@article {MBI:8952557,
	title = {Rediscovery and augmented description of the HMS {\textquoteleft}Challenger{\textquoteright} acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta), Glandiceps abyssicola, in the equatorial Atlantic abyss},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {FirstView},
	year = {2013},
	month = {7},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT A 2009 oceanographic expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences collected the anterior region of a single acorn worm (phylum Hemichordata, class Enteropneusta) by trawling at a depth of 5560~m in the Romanche Trench (equatorial Atlantic). The specimen was a ripe female with numerous, relatively small oocytes in each ovary. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences robustly placed the worm in the family Spengelidae. In addition, morphological features of the proboscis, collar, and anterior trunk region indicated that the worm was Glandiceps abyssicola, a species previously represented solely by the holotype, which had been dredged from the equatorial Atlantic in 1873 by the HMS {\textquoteleft}Challenger{\textquoteright} and subsequently sent to Germany for description by Spengel (1893). The holotype was presumably destroyed by World War II bombing; therefore, we here designate the Romanche Trench specimen as the neotype of G. abyssicola and supply an augmented species diagnosis.},
	issn = {1469-7769},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315413000684},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0025315413000684},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Osborn, Karen J and Gebruk, Andrey V and Rogacheva, Antonina}
}
@article {22419131,
	title = {Morphology of a new deep-sea acorn worm (class Enteropneusta, phylum Hemichordata): a part-time demersal drifter with externalized ovaries.},
	journal = {Journal of morphology},
	volume = {273},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Jul},
	pages = {661-71},
	abstract = {Ten individuals of an enteropneust in the family Torquaratoridae were videotaped between 2,900 and 3,500 m in the Eastern Pacific{\textendash}one drifting a few centimeters above the bottom, two exposed on the substrate, and seven partly burrowed, reflecting a bentho-pelagic life style. Here, we describe a captured specimen (26 cm living length) as the holotype of Allapasus aurantiacus n. gen., n. sp. The small proboscis is dome-shaped, and the collar is only slightly wider than deep; both of these body regions are more muscular than in other torquaratorids, which presumably facilitates burrowing. The proboscis complex, in contrast to that of shallow-living enteropneusts, lacks a pericardial sac and is located relatively posteriorly in the proboscis stalk. The stomochord is separated from the main course of the gut by the intervention of a small, plate-like proboscis skeleton lacking posterior horns. The most anterior region of the trunk houses the pharynx, in which the pharyngeal skeletal bars are not connected by synapticles. The postpharyngeal trunk comprises three intestinal regions: prehepatic, hepatic (with conspicuous sacculations), and posthepatic. On either side of the worm, a flap of body wall (lateral wing) runs the entire length of the trunk. The two lateral wings can wrap the body so their edges meet in the dorsal midline, although they often gape open along the pharyngeal region. The holotype is a female (presumably the species is gonochoric) with numerous ovaries located in the lateral wings along the pharyngeal region. Each larger ovary contains a single primary oocyte (up to 1,500 μm in diameter) and bulges outwards in an epidermal pouch attached to the rest of the body by a slender stalk. Such externalized ovaries are unprecedented in any animal, and nothing is yet known of their role in the reproductive biology of A. aurantiacus.},
	doi = {10.1002/jmor.20013},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Kuhnz, Linda A and Osborn, Karen J}
}
@article {22090391,
	title = {Diversification of acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) revealed in the deep sea.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	volume = {279},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Apr 22},
	pages = {1646-54},
	abstract = {Enteropneusts (phylum Hemichordata), although studied extensively because of their close relationship to chordates, have long been considered shallow-water, burrowing animals. The present paper more than doubles the number of enteropneust species recorded in the deep sea based on high-resolution imaging and sampling with remotely operated vehicles. We provide direct evidence that some enteropneusts are highly mobile-using changes in posture and currents to drift between feeding sites-and are prominent members of deep, epibenthic communities. In addition, we provide ecological information for each species. We also show that despite their great morphological diversity, most deep-living enteropneusts form a single clade (the rediagnosed family Torquaratoridae) on the basis of rDNA sequences and morphology of the proboscis skeleton and stomochord. The phylogenetic position of the torquaratorids indicates that the group, after evolving from near-shore ancestors, radiated extensively in the deep sea.},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.1916},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Kuhnz, Linda A and Priede, Imants G and Urata, Makoto and Gebruk, Andrey V and Holland, Nicholas D}
}
@article {710,
	title = {A new deep-sea species of harrimaniid enteropneust (Hemichordata)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2012},
	note = {doi: 10.2988/12-11.1},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {228 - 240},
	publisher = {Biological Society of Washington},
	isbn = {0006-324X},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2988/12-11.1},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Osborn, Karen J and Kuhnz, Linda A}
}
@article {IVB:IVB266,
	title = {Observations on torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) from the North Atlantic with descriptions of a new genus and three new species},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {131},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {244{\textendash}257},
	abstract = {Enteropneusts in the family Torquaratoridae were imaged using still and video cameras in the deep North Atlantic and then collected by remotely operated vehicles. From this material, we describe Yoda purpurata n. gen, n. sp., Tergivelum cinnabarinum n. sp., and Allapasus isidis n. sp. Individuals of the first two species were browsing completely exposed on the sea floor, whereas the specimen of the last species was encountered floating ~1~m above the sea floor. Living specimens of Y. purpurata were 12{\textendash}19~cm long and had a dark reddish-purple proboscis, collar, and genital wings (folded dorsally over the anterior region of the trunk). Members of this species were hermaphrodites (the first ever discovered in the phylum Hemichordata), with numerous separate testes and ovaries in the genital wings. Living specimens of T. cinnabarinum were 12{\textendash}26~cm long and had a cinnabar-colored proboscis, collar, and back veils (arising from the anterior region of the trunk); sexes were separate, and body shape and internal morphology closely resemble those of its brown congener, T. baldwinae, from the eastern Pacific. The only specimen of A. isidis collected was a male 13~cm long and pale yellow when alive. Its body shape was proportionally shorter and broader than that of its orange congener, A. aurantiacus, from the eastern Pacific, but the internal anatomy of the two species is virtually identical. [Correction made after online publication August 21, 2012 to correct species name in preceding sentence.]},
	keywords = {benthopelagic lifestyle, hermaphrodite, Torquaratoridae},
	issn = {1744-7410},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00266.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00266.x},
	author = {Priede, Imants G and Osborn, Karen J and Gebruk, Andrey V and Jones, Dan and Shale, David and Rogacheva, Antonina and Holland, Nicholas D}
}
@article {727,
	title = {The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2011},
	note = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923},
	month = {2011/06/23},
	pages = {449 - 453},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/3/449.abstractN2 - An intriguing new annelid, Teuthidodrilus samae (Annelida, Cirratuliformia) gen. and sp. nov., was observed and collected during deep-water column exploration of the western Celebes Sea.},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Madin, Laurence P. and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {ZSC:ZSC460,
	title = {Phylogenetics of Acrocirridae and Flabelligeridae (Cirratuliformia, Annelida)},
	journal = {Zoologica Scripta},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {204{\textendash}219},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {Osborn, K. J. \& Rouse, G. W. (2010). Phylogenetics of Acrocirridae and Flabelligeridae (Cirratuliformia, Annelida). {\textemdash}Zoologica Scripta, 40, 204{\textendash}219.When seven deep-sea, swimming cirratuliforms were recently discovered, the need for a thorough phylogenetic hypothesis for Cirratuliformia was clear. Here, we provide a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships within Acrocirridae and increase the taxon sampling and resolution within Flabelligeridae based on both molecular (18S, 28S, 16S, COI and CytB) and morphological data. Data partitions were analyzed separately and in combination. Acrocirridae and Flabelligeridae were reciprocally monophyletic sister groups when rooted by cirratulids. The seven recently discovered species form a clade within Acrocirridae and will be designated as four genera based on phylogenetic relationships and apomorphies. A revised diagnosis is provided for Swima, restricting the genus to three species distinguished by a thick gelatinous sheath, transparent body, simple nuchal organs, a single medial subulate branchia, and four pair of small segmental branchiae modified as elliptical, bioluminescent sacs. Helmetophorus and Chauvinelia are maintained as separate genera based on morphological differences. Evidence for flabelligerid branchiae being segmental is provided, the papillae on segment two of most acrocirrids is confirmed to be the nephridiopores, and scanning electron microscopy is used to examine acrocirrid spinous chaetae in comparison with flabelligerid segmented chaetae.},
	issn = {1463-6409},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00460.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00460.x},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {ZOJ:ZOJ727,
	title = {Swima (Annelida, Acrocirridae), holopelagic worms from the deep Pacific},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {163},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {663{\textendash}678},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {<p>Two new species of Swima, a recently established genus of annelid worms, are introduced, one from deep water off the North American West Coast and the other from the Philippines. The acrocirrid genus now contains three named species, Swima bombiviridis, Swima fulgida sp. nov., and Swima tawitawiensis sp. nov.Swima are holopelagic, occurring only in the water column, and thus far have only been observed below 2700\&nbsp;m. The worms are relatively large, sometimes reaching over 30\&nbsp;mm in length and 5\&nbsp;mm in width. They have gelatinous bodies and fans of long swimming chaetae, which are flattened into paddles in S. tawitawiensis sp. nov. Members of Swima are distinguished from other swimming acrocirrids by their transparent bodies, single medial subulate branchiae, and simple nuchal organs that do not skirt the bases of lateral subulate branchiae. Swima fulgida sp. nov. is distinguished from other members of the genus by its darkly pigmented anterior gut, whereas S. tawitawiensis sp. nov. is distinguished by possessing three subulate head appendages instead of just one and by the shape of its noto- and neurochaetae. Swima species possess four pairs of elliptical, transformed segmental branchiae that produce green bioluminescence when autotomized. These \&lsquo;bombs\&rsquo; were observed in various states of regeneration on a single individual. Swima are neutrally buoyant, often observed hanging immobile in the water column, and are active, agile swimmers. Although not previously documented in the literature, these worms are not rare in the deep water column. Since the worms were first noticed in 2001, they have been observed on more than half of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\&rsquo;s midwater remotely operated vehicle dives that went to sufficient depth. The discovery of Swima underscores our lack of knowledge of deep pelagic fauna.\&copy; 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 163, 663\&ndash;678.</p>
},
	keywords = {Celebes Sea, Cirratuliformia, deep-sea, gelata, midwater, pelagic, Swima fulgida sp. nov., Swima tawitawiensis sp. nov},
	issn = {1096-3642},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00727.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00727.x},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Haddock, Steven H. D. and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {728,
	title = {Deep-Sea, Swimming Worms with Luminescent {\textquotedblleft}Bombs{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	year = {2009},
	note = {10.1126/science.1172488},
	month = {2009/08/21},
	pages = {964 - 964},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5943/964.abstractN2 - By using remotely operated vehicles, we found seven previously unknown species of swimming annelid worms below 1800 meters. Specimens were large and bore a variety of elaborate head appendages. I},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Haddock, Steven H. D. and Pleijel, Fredrik and Madin, Laurence P. and Rouse, Greg W.}
}
@article {Cannon200917,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of hemichordata, with updated status of deep-sea enteropneusts},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {52},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {17 - 24},
	keywords = {Pterobranch},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.027},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579030900102X},
	author = {Johanna T. Cannon and Amanda L. Rychel and Heather Eccleston and Kenneth M. Halanych and Billie J. Swalla}
}
@article {17301330,
	title = {Description and relationships of Chaetopterus pugaporcinus, an unusual pelagic polychaete (Annelida, Chaetopteridae).},
	journal = {The Biological bulletin},
	volume = {212},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007 Feb},
	pages = {40-54},
	abstract = {An extraordinary new species, Chaetopterus pugaporcinus, is described from eight specimens collected from deep mesopelagic waters off Monterey Bay, California, by remotely operated vehicles. All specimens exhibit a consistent combination of both adult and larval characteristics, leaving in question the maturity of the specimens. All specimens lack ciliated larval bands and the stout, modified chaetae (cutting spines) typically found in segment A4 of chaetopterids. If the specimens described here are larvae, they are remarkable for their size, which ranged from 10 to 21 mm total length, nearly twice the length of the largest polychaete larvae previously reported and 5 to 10 times larger than known chaetopterid larvae. Then too, their lack of segment addition prior to settlement would be atypical. If adult, they are particularly unusual in their habitat choice and body form. Morphology of the uncini and comparison to larval morphology indicated a close relationship to either Chaetopterus or Mesochaetopterus. However, the lack of cutting spines and typical adult morphology made it impossible to determine to what genus this species should be allied. Thus, we carried out the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Chaetopteridae in order to appropriately place and name the new species. Three partial genes were sequenced for 21 annelid species. The sequencing also provides the first molecular evidence that Chaetopterus variopedatus sensu Hartman (1959) is not a single cosmopolitan species. The question of C. pugaporcinus being a delayed larva or a genuine holopelagic chaetopterid is discussed.},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Rouse, Greg W. and Goffredi, Shana K and Robison, Bruce H}
}
@article {15772659,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Lophenteropneust{\textquoteright} hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates.},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {434},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Mar 17},
	pages = {374-6},
	abstract = {The deep ocean is home to a group of broad-collared hemichordates{\textendash}the so-called {\textquoteright}lophenteropneusts{\textquoteright}{\textendash}that have been photographed gliding on the sea floor but have not previously been collected. It has been claimed that these worms have collar tentacles and blend morphological features of the two main hemichordate body plans, namely the tentacle-less enteropneusts and the tentacle-bearing pterobranchs. Consequently, lophenteropneusts have been invoked as missing links to suggest that the former evolved into the latter. The most significant aspect of the lophenteropneust hypothesis is its prediction that the fundamental body plan within a basal phylum of deuterostomes was enteropneust-like. The assumption of such an ancestral state influences ideas about the evolution of the vertebrates from the invertebrates. Here we report on the first collected specimen of a broad-collared, deep-sea enteropneust and describe it as a new family, genus and species. The collar, although disproportionately broad, lacks tentacles. In addition, we find no evidence of tentacles in the available deep-sea photographs (published and unpublished) of broad-collared enteropneusts, including those formerly designated as lophenteropneusts. Thus, the lophenteropneust hypothesis was based on misinterpretation of deep-sea photographs of low quality and should no longer be used to support the idea that the enteropneust body plan is basal within the phylum Hemichordata.},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Clague, David A and Gordon, Dennis P and Gebruk, Andrey and Pawson, David L and Vecchione, Michael}
}
@article {SmithJr20051228,
	title = {Enteropneust production of spiral fecal trails on the deep-sea floor observed with time-lapse photography},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {7},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1228 - 1240},
	keywords = {Monterey Deep-Sea Fan},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.02.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063705000695},
	author = {K.L. Smith Jr. and Holland, Nicholas D and Ruhl, Henry A.}
}
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}
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	title = {Saxipendium coronatum, New Genus, New Species (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) - The Unusual Spaghetti Worms Of The Galapagos Rift Hydrothermal Vents},
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	year = {1985},
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	url = {http://biostor.org/reference/75278},
	author = {K H Woodwick and T Sensenbaugh}
}
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	title = {Spermiogenesis and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Saxipendium coronatum (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta), with consideration of their relation to reproduction and dispersal},
	journal = {Zoomorphology},
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	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	issn = {0720-213X},
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	author = {Franz{\'e}n, {\r A}ke and Woodwick, KeithH. and Sensenbaugh, Terry}
}
