@article {MBI:8952557,
	title = {Rediscovery and augmented description of the HMS {\textquoteleft}Challenger{\textquoteright} acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta), Glandiceps abyssicola, in the equatorial Atlantic abyss},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
	volume = {FirstView},
	year = {2013},
	month = {7},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT A 2009 oceanographic expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences collected the anterior region of a single acorn worm (phylum Hemichordata, class Enteropneusta) by trawling at a depth of 5560~m in the Romanche Trench (equatorial Atlantic). The specimen was a ripe female with numerous, relatively small oocytes in each ovary. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences robustly placed the worm in the family Spengelidae. In addition, morphological features of the proboscis, collar, and anterior trunk region indicated that the worm was Glandiceps abyssicola, a species previously represented solely by the holotype, which had been dredged from the equatorial Atlantic in 1873 by the HMS {\textquoteleft}Challenger{\textquoteright} and subsequently sent to Germany for description by Spengel (1893). The holotype was presumably destroyed by World War II bombing; therefore, we here designate the Romanche Trench specimen as the neotype of G. abyssicola and supply an augmented species diagnosis.},
	issn = {1469-7769},
	doi = {10.1017/S0025315413000684},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0025315413000684},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Osborn, Karen J and Gebruk, Andrey V and Rogacheva, Antonina}
}
@article {22419131,
	title = {Morphology of a new deep-sea acorn worm (class Enteropneusta, phylum Hemichordata): a part-time demersal drifter with externalized ovaries.},
	journal = {Journal of morphology},
	volume = {273},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Jul},
	pages = {661-71},
	abstract = {Ten individuals of an enteropneust in the family Torquaratoridae were videotaped between 2,900 and 3,500 m in the Eastern Pacific{\textendash}one drifting a few centimeters above the bottom, two exposed on the substrate, and seven partly burrowed, reflecting a bentho-pelagic life style. Here, we describe a captured specimen (26 cm living length) as the holotype of Allapasus aurantiacus n. gen., n. sp. The small proboscis is dome-shaped, and the collar is only slightly wider than deep; both of these body regions are more muscular than in other torquaratorids, which presumably facilitates burrowing. The proboscis complex, in contrast to that of shallow-living enteropneusts, lacks a pericardial sac and is located relatively posteriorly in the proboscis stalk. The stomochord is separated from the main course of the gut by the intervention of a small, plate-like proboscis skeleton lacking posterior horns. The most anterior region of the trunk houses the pharynx, in which the pharyngeal skeletal bars are not connected by synapticles. The postpharyngeal trunk comprises three intestinal regions: prehepatic, hepatic (with conspicuous sacculations), and posthepatic. On either side of the worm, a flap of body wall (lateral wing) runs the entire length of the trunk. The two lateral wings can wrap the body so their edges meet in the dorsal midline, although they often gape open along the pharyngeal region. The holotype is a female (presumably the species is gonochoric) with numerous ovaries located in the lateral wings along the pharyngeal region. Each larger ovary contains a single primary oocyte (up to 1,500 μm in diameter) and bulges outwards in an epidermal pouch attached to the rest of the body by a slender stalk. Such externalized ovaries are unprecedented in any animal, and nothing is yet known of their role in the reproductive biology of A. aurantiacus.},
	doi = {10.1002/jmor.20013},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Kuhnz, Linda A and Osborn, Karen J}
}
@article {22090391,
	title = {Diversification of acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) revealed in the deep sea.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	volume = {279},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Apr 22},
	pages = {1646-54},
	abstract = {Enteropneusts (phylum Hemichordata), although studied extensively because of their close relationship to chordates, have long been considered shallow-water, burrowing animals. The present paper more than doubles the number of enteropneust species recorded in the deep sea based on high-resolution imaging and sampling with remotely operated vehicles. We provide direct evidence that some enteropneusts are highly mobile-using changes in posture and currents to drift between feeding sites-and are prominent members of deep, epibenthic communities. In addition, we provide ecological information for each species. We also show that despite their great morphological diversity, most deep-living enteropneusts form a single clade (the rediagnosed family Torquaratoridae) on the basis of rDNA sequences and morphology of the proboscis skeleton and stomochord. The phylogenetic position of the torquaratorids indicates that the group, after evolving from near-shore ancestors, radiated extensively in the deep sea.},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.1916},
	author = {Osborn, Karen J and Kuhnz, Linda A and Priede, Imants G and Urata, Makoto and Gebruk, Andrey V and Holland, Nicholas D}
}
@article {710,
	title = {A new deep-sea species of harrimaniid enteropneust (Hemichordata)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2012},
	note = {doi: 10.2988/12-11.1},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {228 - 240},
	publisher = {Biological Society of Washington},
	isbn = {0006-324X},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2988/12-11.1},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Osborn, Karen J and Kuhnz, Linda A}
}
@article {IVB:IVB266,
	title = {Observations on torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) from the North Atlantic with descriptions of a new genus and three new species},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	volume = {131},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {244{\textendash}257},
	abstract = {Enteropneusts in the family Torquaratoridae were imaged using still and video cameras in the deep North Atlantic and then collected by remotely operated vehicles. From this material, we describe Yoda purpurata n. gen, n. sp., Tergivelum cinnabarinum n. sp., and Allapasus isidis n. sp. Individuals of the first two species were browsing completely exposed on the sea floor, whereas the specimen of the last species was encountered floating ~1~m above the sea floor. Living specimens of Y. purpurata were 12{\textendash}19~cm long and had a dark reddish-purple proboscis, collar, and genital wings (folded dorsally over the anterior region of the trunk). Members of this species were hermaphrodites (the first ever discovered in the phylum Hemichordata), with numerous separate testes and ovaries in the genital wings. Living specimens of T. cinnabarinum were 12{\textendash}26~cm long and had a cinnabar-colored proboscis, collar, and back veils (arising from the anterior region of the trunk); sexes were separate, and body shape and internal morphology closely resemble those of its brown congener, T. baldwinae, from the eastern Pacific. The only specimen of A. isidis collected was a male 13~cm long and pale yellow when alive. Its body shape was proportionally shorter and broader than that of its orange congener, A. aurantiacus, from the eastern Pacific, but the internal anatomy of the two species is virtually identical. [Correction made after online publication August 21, 2012 to correct species name in preceding sentence.]},
	keywords = {benthopelagic lifestyle, hermaphrodite, Torquaratoridae},
	issn = {1744-7410},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00266.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00266.x},
	author = {Priede, Imants G and Osborn, Karen J and Gebruk, Andrey V and Jones, Dan and Shale, David and Rogacheva, Antonina and Holland, Nicholas D}
}
@article {15772659,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Lophenteropneust{\textquoteright} hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates.},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {434},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Mar 17},
	pages = {374-6},
	abstract = {The deep ocean is home to a group of broad-collared hemichordates{\textendash}the so-called {\textquoteright}lophenteropneusts{\textquoteright}{\textendash}that have been photographed gliding on the sea floor but have not previously been collected. It has been claimed that these worms have collar tentacles and blend morphological features of the two main hemichordate body plans, namely the tentacle-less enteropneusts and the tentacle-bearing pterobranchs. Consequently, lophenteropneusts have been invoked as missing links to suggest that the former evolved into the latter. The most significant aspect of the lophenteropneust hypothesis is its prediction that the fundamental body plan within a basal phylum of deuterostomes was enteropneust-like. The assumption of such an ancestral state influences ideas about the evolution of the vertebrates from the invertebrates. Here we report on the first collected specimen of a broad-collared, deep-sea enteropneust and describe it as a new family, genus and species. The collar, although disproportionately broad, lacks tentacles. In addition, we find no evidence of tentacles in the available deep-sea photographs (published and unpublished) of broad-collared enteropneusts, including those formerly designated as lophenteropneusts. Thus, the lophenteropneust hypothesis was based on misinterpretation of deep-sea photographs of low quality and should no longer be used to support the idea that the enteropneust body plan is basal within the phylum Hemichordata.},
	author = {Holland, Nicholas D and Clague, David A and Gordon, Dennis P and Gebruk, Andrey and Pawson, David L and Vecchione, Michael}
}
@article {SmithJr20051228,
	title = {Enteropneust production of spiral fecal trails on the deep-sea floor observed with time-lapse photography},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {7},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1228 - 1240},
	keywords = {Monterey Deep-Sea Fan},
	issn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.02.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063705000695},
	author = {K.L. Smith Jr. and Holland, Nicholas D and Ruhl, Henry A.}
}
